Waterfalls

What is the picture showing?

Upper course of a river and waterfalls

V-Shaped Valleys and Vertical Erosion

Key Questions:

·         How does a V-shaped valley develop
·         How does vertical erosion contribute to this landform

Terms:

·         V-Shaped valley

• Vertical erosion
• Hydraulic action
• Abrasion
• Solution
• Attrition
• Weathering
• Interlocking spurs

Starter:

Test of keywords

Powerpoint explanation

Tasks:

• Using H p82, draw a sketch of a V-Shaped valley and annotate landforms, channel features and erosional processes.
• Answer question 2 a,b,c p83
• Using the OS map extract, stick into books and label key features you can identify

Ice on the land revision

Using the revision document below, answer the following questions:

1. List the two main processes of glacial erosion (2).
2. Describe how one of these processes occurs (3).
3. Describe the appearance of a glaciated valley (3).
4. Explain how a truncated spur or a hanging valley may form (3).
5. Explain the formation of a corrie (4).
6. Draw a sketch to show how a corrie would appear on an OS map (2).
7. What attracts people to visit glacial landscapes? (2)
8. What economic activities occur in upland areas, other than those associated with tourism? (3)
9. Why are upland areas difficult to live and work in? (3)
10. Give two examples of land-use conflicts that may occur in upland areas (2).
11. Explain the formation of terminal moraine (2).
12. Describe the appearance of a drumlin (2).
13. Give an example of an area that has benefited from being on an outwash plain and say why (3).

Revision Notes

Glacial Advance and Retreat 1

Watch the following videos and use p108 to answer this question from p109.

Glacial retreat

The Franz Joseph Glacier

Avalanches

Video Intro 1

Video Intro 2

There is a significant risk of avalanches occurring in glacial areas such as the Alps. They can cause widespread disruption, damage and sometimes loss of life.

Causes of avalanches

An avalanche is a sudden downhill movement of snow. It is a significant hazard to people living in, or visiting, glacial areas. A slab avalanche is the most dangerous form of movement. It can be caused by:

·         heavy snowfall

·         deforestation (for example because of new ski runs) making the slope less stable

·         steep slopes, as this helps to increase the speed of movement

·         vibrations (for example from an earthquake, noise or off-piste skiers)

·         layering of snow - for instance where snow is already on the mountain and has turned into ice, and then fresh snow falls on top which can easily slide down

·         the wind direction piling snow which can overhang a mountain

Effects of avalanches

An avalanche is able to obstruct anything in its path. Roads and railways can be blocked. Power supplies can be cut off.

A powerful avalanche can even destroy buildings.

People can also be killed.

90 per cent of people who die in avalanches trigger them themselves.

People usually die from a lack of oxygen when buried in snow, rather than from getting too cold

Case study: Galtür Austria

Galtür destruction

Galtür is a popular ski resort in Austria. Avalanches happen most years, but don’t usually reach the village of Galtür. On 23 February 1999 an avalanche raced down the mountain.

It travelled at 200 miles per hour, taking 50 seconds to reach the village. 31 people died, 26 were tourists and 5 were locals. Rescuers saved 26 people in the following 24 hours.

People in Galtür were stranded as roads were blocked. 16 buildings were destroyed or severely damaged.

Ski resorts were closed in the region, costing the industry £5 million for each day they were closed.

Management of avalanches

The areas in which avalanches occur may also be used for human activities, such as skiing. Villages and towns are also often located in the valleys. It is important for the people, economy, and the environment that avalanches are managed.

There are several ways in which avalanches can be managed:

Prediction

People try to predict when avalanches are going to occur. The Alps has an 'avalanche season' between January and March when most avalanches happen. Where avalanches are going to occur is hard to predict. Historical data, weather information and information about the actual snow on the mountainside is collected together to try and forecast the likelihood of an avalanche.

Explosions

Avalanches can be started deliberately in order to prevent the snow building up. This is one of the most important ways of preventing avalanches.

Communication

Signs of the risk of avalanches can be displayed in villages and also by the ski lifts. In the Alps the risk is assessed on a five-point scale. Areas can be sealed off which are considered too dangerous to ski on. Early warning systems are also used.

Land-use zoning

Land can be grouped into red, yellow and green areas. The red areas are considered too dangerous to be built on. The orange areas can be built on with restrictions, such as reinforcing buildings. Roads and railways can be protected by tunnels over them in the areas where an avalanche path is likely to travel.

Snow fences and barriers

These can be used to divert and break up the path of the avalanche.

Reforestation

Trees can be planted, increasing stability of the slope and helping to reduce the damage further down the valley.

Human Activity in Glaciated Areas 1 & 2

This ELO was given on Friday 24th February and is due on Thursday 1st March.

Extended Learning Opportunities (ELOs) - Homework

I have created a new page for ELOs. Please use the tab on the right or the link below to direct you to this page where you can download resources etc

http://tgls-elos.blogspot.com/

Mr Knowles' Holiday!

An investigation into Mr Knowles' holiday.

Task: Write a letter including photos and maps that tells everyone
about my holiday and how it links to our topic of glaciation.

Glacial transportation and deposition

KQs: What are the different types of moraine and drumlins? Where are these deposits found?

Terms:
Moraine - medial, lateral, terminal
Drumlins

Starter: Review test marking

Main:

1. Multiple choice quiz creation using H p106/7
2. Tasks on p107

Glacial erosion: Valley landforms

KQs: How are glaciated valleys different from river valleys? When, where and why do glaciers deposit their loads?

Terms:
U-shaped valley
truncated spurs
hanging valley

Starter: Test of previous learning (here)
Main: Work with learning partners to investigate the following questions:

What are the main features of a glaciated valley?

How are glaciated valleys different from river valleys and what makes them that way?

How do truncated spurs and hanging valleys form?

 

What evidence can be found on an OS map to support the existence of glaciated valleys?

Your Learning Path for this series of progress points is located here

Glacial Erosion: Aretes & Pyramidal Peaks

Key Questions:

Why are all high mountain peaks knife-edged and sharp? What allows glacial erosion features to be identified in photographs and maps?

Terms:

·         Aretes

·         Pyramidal Peaks

·         Infer

Starter:

Video: Landforms of upland glaciation in Loch Lomond

http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/landforms-of-upland-glaciation-in-loch-lomond/1140.html

Tasks:

·         TDQT

·         Using H p103 and/or p259-261, add the 1^st 2 key terms above to your ‘Glaciation’ glossary and write a meaning for them.

·         Using the diagram on the board and what you learned from the video clip, explain the formation of an arête and pyramidal peak. It is essential that you use at least one diagram to help you to do this.

·         Complete activity 1(a) from H p103

Exam Tip:

Evidence – refers to features, what you can see, what symbols represent and what you can ‘infer’ from a source

Plenary:

D/E: What are arêtes and pyramidal peaks?

C: Why are all high mountain peaks knife-edged and sharp?

B: What allows glacial erosion features to be identified in photographs and maps?

A: Why are glaciated areas often uninhabited, but popular with visitors?

Glacial Erosion: Corries

Key Question:

How do corries form?

Terms:

·         Corrie

·         Cirque

·         Tarn

Starter:

Video: Landforms of upland glaciation in Loch Lomond

http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/landforms-of-upland-glaciation-in-loch-lomond/1140.html

Tasks:

·         TDQT

·         Using H p102 and/or p259-261, add the key terms above to your ‘Glaciation’ glossary and write a meaning for them.

·         Using H p102 and what you learned from the video clip, explain the formation of a corrie. It is essential that you use at least one diagram to help you to do this.

·         Complete activity 1(a) from H p103

Exam Tip:

Describe fully means to do more than list what you can see. You must use place names, link evidence from sources, and ‘paint a picture’ for the reader (ideally using similes).

Plenary:

D/E: What is a corrie?

C: Describe the main features of a corrie (using evidence from a photo or OS map).

B: Explain the formation of a corrie.

Is there evidence to show that valley glaciers are shrinking?

Key Ideas:

·         Investigation of an issue has to be supported by evidence and counter arguments should be considered.

·         Changes occur over time and may be due to human interference

Terms:

·         Valley glacier

·         Receding

·         Investigation

·         Counter argument

·         Evidence

Starter:

Introduction to the process of investigation

Tasks:

·         Research the investigation question using http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/earth/water_and_ice/glacier as a starting point

·         View the video at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-15216875

·         Produce a single sided sheet to show your findings from the investigation

Student investigation result

Vanishing glaciers by Beth

View more presentations from ckzebra.

Glacial Erosion

Key Ideas:

·         There are two main processes of glacial erosion: Abrasion and Plucking, plus one main type of weathering: Freeze-thaw

·         Valley glaciers are more effective at erosion than ice sheets.

Terms:

·         Erosion

·         Abrasion

·         Plucking

·         Freeze-thaw weathering

·         Valley glaciers

·         Ice sheets

Starter:

Revision/completion of work from last lesson

Tasks:

·         Using H p100-101, complete task 2 from p101. Take about ½ side of your book for each diagram.

·         On a separate page start a Glaciation Glossary

This should be a list of words/phrases and their meaning that we cover in this topic and updated each lesson.

The words/phrases you should have listed/defined by the end of the lesson is below (use H p100-101, the glossary on p259-261 and your own knowledge to write the meanings):

·         Glaciation

·         Glacier

·         Valley glacier

·         Ice sheet

·         Pleistocene ice age

·         Snow line

·         Glacial erosion

·         Abrasion

·         Plucking

Freeze-thaw weathering

The last ice age and glacial ice today

Key ideas

1. The last Ice Age (Pleistocene) covered a significant time scale and ended around 10,000 years ago.
2. The  ice cover in the northern hemisphere at that time spread well into continental Europe and where is now the USA.
3. There are two main types of ice coverage

Terms

Pleistocene, valley glacier, ice sheet, snow line, erosion, deposition

Activities

Using p100 in H, investigate the following:

1. How does ice form from snow?
2. What is ice called when it moves on a large scale?
3. When did the Pleistocene Ice Age begin and end?
4. How much of the earth's surface did it cover?
5. What was the extent of it's coverage?
6. What was the coverage in the UK?
7. Describe the scene if you had been around in the Hetton area 18,000 years ago.
8. What is the 'snow line'?
9. What is the landform evidence of glacial erosion and deposition in the UK?
10. What is a valley glacier?
11. Name an example of a valley glacier and the mountain range it is located in.
12. What is an ice sheet?
13. Where do they exist now?